ひつじ書房　English Prepositions in Usage Contexts　堀内ふみ野著 ひつじ書房　English Prepositions in Usage Contexts　堀内ふみ野著
2022年2月刊行

Hituzi Linguistics in English No.35

English Prepositions in Usage Contexts

A Proposal for a Construction-Based Semantics

堀内ふみ野（Fumino Horiuchi）著

定価9400円＋税　菊判上製カバー装　224頁

ISBN978-4-8234-1110-6

ひつじ書房


【内容】
語の意味とは何か。構文的なパターンは言語使用の中からどのように形成されるのか。これらの問いに迫るため、本書では、英語前置詞の振る舞いを大規模コーパスや親子会話のデータを用いて分析し、前置詞を含む構文的なパターンが使用文脈の中で創発・定着するプロセスを、認知、談話、相互行為の観点から解明する。分析の帰結として、意味を担う基本単位は単一の語より大きな構文的単位であるという「構文的意味論」を提唱する。〈日本学術振興会助成刊行物〉

What is the meaning of a word? How are constructional patterns formed through actual language use? To approach these questions, this book analyzes the behavior of English prepositions from the perspectives of cognition, discourse, and interaction using the British National Corpus and a child-caregiver interaction corpus to demonstrate how constructional patterns, including those involving prepositions, emerge and become established within contexts of usage. Based on the analysis, this book proposes a construction-based semantics that assumes that: (i) the meanings of linguistic expressions tend not to be conveyed by a single “word” unit but by larger constructions, (ii) our linguistic knowledge is not necessarily stored in “word” units, and (iii) the behavior of individual words is determined and heavily conventionalized depending on their naturally occurring contexts, and so the meanings of words cannot be represented as abstract schemata by extracting them from the contexts they are used in.

【Contents】
Acknowledgments
CHAPTER I　Introduction
1.1　Background and Scope of this Study
1.2　Why Prepositions?
1.3　Outline of the Study

PART I　Theoretical Background and Previous Studies: Cognitive Linguistics and the Usage-based Approach to English Prepositions
CHAPTER II　Theoretical Framework
2.1　Introduction
2.2　The Symbolic View of Language
2.3　Continuum of Lexicon and Grammar
2.4　The Construction as a Unit Learned and Accessed as a Whole
2.5　The Cognitive and Embodied Basis of Language
2.6　The Usage-Based Approach
2.6.1　Cognitive Grammar as Usage-Based Theory
2.6.2　The Role of Frequency
2.6.2.1　Frequency as a Source of Forming Chunks
2.6.2.2　Relations between Words
2.6.2.3　Relations between Words and Constructions
2.6.2.4　Relations between Words/Constructions and Discourse Types
2.6.3　Usage-Based Approach to Language Acquisition
2.7　Summary

CHAPTER III　Previous Studies of English Prepositions
3.1　Introduction
3.2　Classical Views of Linguistic Polysemy
3.3　Prototype Approach to Categorization
3.4　Cognitive Linguistics Approach to English Prepositions
3.4.1　Analysis Based on Image-schemas
3.4.2 　Elaborated Analysis through Comparison of Related Words
3.5　Problems of Previous Studies and the Goals of this Research
3.6　Summary

PART II　Case Studies of English Prepositions in Usage Contexts
CHAPTER IV　Constructional Nature of Synonymous Expressions Including Prepositions: A Case Study of Influence On and Influence Over
4.1　Introduction
4.2　Previous Studies on the Semantics of the Prepositions On and Over
4.2.1　Polysemous Characteristics of On and Over
4.2.2　Semantic Extension from Spatial to Control Sense
4.3　Data and Methods: Quantitatively Examining the Differences between Synonymous Expressions Using the BNC
4.4　Results of the Quantitative Research
4.4.1　Characteristics of the Entity Exerting Influence (INF-er)
4.4.2　Characteristics of the Entity Being Influenced (INF-ee)
4.4.3　Grammatical Status of the NP Headed by Influence
4.4.4　Summary of the Differences between Influence On and Influence Over
4.5　Discussion: Cognitive Motivation and Constructional Nature
4.5.1　Cognitive Motivation for Differences in the Metaphorical Use of On and Over
4.5.2　Constructional View of the Synonymous Expressions
4.5.2.1　Idiomatic Nature of Language
4.5.2.2　Influence On/Over as and within Constructions
4.6　Conclusion

CHAPTER V　Constructions with Under Phrases Emerging from Discourse: Comparison with Over and Below Phrases
5.1　Introduction
5.2　Background: Grammatical Behavior and Meanings of Prepositional Phrases
5.2.1　Studies on English Prepositions Focusing on their Meanings
5.2.2　Grammatical Differences and Their Importance
5.3　Data and Methods: Quantitatively Examining the Grammatical Behaviors of Under/Over/Below Using the BNC
5.4　Results of the Quantitative Research
5.4.1　Grammatical Status
5.4.2　Semantic Domain and Its Relation to the Grammatical Status
5.4.3　Position in the Clause
5.5　Construal Reflected in Grammatical Status
5.5.1　Cognitive Differences between Arguments and Clause-level Modifiers
5.5.2　Construal Reflected in the Grammatical Status of Under Phrases
5.6　Position in the Clause and Discourse Functions
5.6.1　Functional Differences between Initial and Final Clauses
5.6.2　Functions of Under Phrases in Clause-initial Position
5.7　Discussion: Motivation for the Development of Constructions in which Under Phrases Frequently Occur
5.8　Conclusion

CHAPTER VI　Communicative Nature of Written Discourse: Asymmetric Behavior between Above and Below in Formal Written Text
6.1　Introduction
6.2　Previous Studies of Above and Below for Discourse Reference
6.2.1　Symmetrical Properties of Above and Below
6.2.2　Asymmetrical Properties of Above and Below
6.3　Data and Methods: Quantitatively Examining the Behaviors of Above and Below for Discourse Reference Using the BNC
6.3.1　Procedure of Extracting the Target Data
6.3.2　Features Used for Coding the Discourse Reference Data: Constructional Approach to Coding the Data
6.4　Differences in Constructions in which Above/Below Occurs
6.4.1　Results 1: Grammatical Category of the Modified Words
6.4.2　Results 2: Grammatical Status of the Modified Noun Phrases
6.4.3　Results 3: Positions of Adverbial Elements in a Sentence or a Clause
6.4.4　Discussion: Information Structure and Occurring Positions
6.5　Differences in Collocates of Above/Below
6.5.1　Results 1: Differences in Nouns Co-occurring with Above/Below
6.5.2　Results 2: Differences in Verbs Co-occurring with Above/Below
6.5.2.1　Co-occurring Verbs Based on Raw Frequency
6.5.2.2　Co-occurring Verbs of Above Based on T-scores
6.5.2.3　Co-occurring Verbs of Below Based on T-scores
6.5.3　Discussion: Cognitive and Interactional Differences between Anaphora and Cataphora
6.6　Theoretical Implications 1: Above/Below as a Space-Oriented Discourse Referring Expression
6.6.1　Influence from the Nature of Space-Oriented Words
6.6.2　Differences between Spatial and Extended Meanings of Above/Below
6.7　Theoretical Implications 2: Role of Communication in Forming Constructions in Written Language
6.8　Conclusion

CHAPTER VII　Children’s Use of Prepositions from the Perspective of Resonance
7.1　Introduction
7.2　Criteria for Determining the Prototypical Meaning of a Preposition
7.2.1　What is the Prototypical Meaning of a Preposition?
7.2.2　First Uses Learned by a Child
7.3　Dialogic Syntax
7.3.1　Theoretical Background and Key Concepts
7.3.2　Dialogic Syntax and Language Acquisition
7.4　Data and Method: Examining Children’s Resonance Using CHILDES
7.4.1　Data
7.4.2　Research Procedure
7.5　Results and Discussions
7.5.1　Outline of Alex’s Use of Prepositions and Its Changes
7.5.2　Starting to Use Prepositions through Resonance (Phase 1)
7.5.3　Increasing Use of Prepositions without Resonance (Phase 2)
7.5.4　Expanding the Units of Resonance (Phase 3)
7.5.5　Producing Prepositions in Clauses/Sentences without Resonance (Phase 4)
7.5.6　Comparison with Other Children
7.6　The Role of Resonance and Theoretical implications
7.6.1　Summary of Children’s Use of Prepositions in terms of Resonance
7.6.2　The Role of Resonance from Caregivers
7.6.3　Implications for Research on Resonance
7.6.4　Implications for Research on Prepositions and Constructional View of Language
7.7　Conclusion

CHAPTER VIII　Children’s Use of In Phrases Based on the Prior Utterances
8.1　Introduction
8.2　Background of this Study: Various Types of Dependency on Prior Utterances
8.2.1　Importance of Low-level Contexts for Learning Grammatical Patterns
8.2.2　Prior Utterances as a Basis for Producing Linguistic Expressions
8.3　Patterns of a Child’s Production of the Preposition In
8.3.1　Why this Study Analyzes the Preposition In: Preliminary Survey of a Child’s Use of Prepositions Using CHILDES
8.3.2　Patterns in the Production of In Based on Relation with the Prior Utterance
8.3.3　Production through Resonating with the Prior Utterance
8.3.3.1　Resonating with a Caregiver’s Utterance
8.3.3.2　Resonating with a Self-Utterance
8.3.4　Production through Expanding the Prior Utterance
8.3.4.1　Expanding a Caregiver’s Utterance
8.3.4.2　Expanding a Self-Utterance
8.3.5　Production through Co-construction
8.3.5.1　Co-construction with a Caregiver’s Utterance
8.3.5.2　Co-construction with Self-Utterances (Step-by-Step Sentence Construction)
8.3.6　Production Without Scaffolding
8.4　Frequency of In Occurring with and without Scaffolding
8.5　Grammatical Structure Emerging from Interaction
8.6　Conclusion

PART III　Summary and Discussion: The Context-dependent Nature of English Prepositions
CHAPTER IX　Discussion
9.1　Summary
9.2　How do Cognitive and Contextual Factors Interact with Each Other?
9.2.1　Cognitive Basis of the Behavior of Prepositions
9.2.2　Contextual Basis of the Behavior of Prepositions
9.2.2.1　Forming Constructions with Frequently Co-occurring Words
9.2.2.2　Organization of Discourse and Communication in Written Texts
9.2.2.3　Genres and Communication Environment
9.2.2.4　Utterance Sequences in Conversations
9.3　What are the Meanings of Individual Words?
9.4　Methodological/Descriptive Importance and Theoretical Implications
9.4.1　Methodological/Descriptive Importance
9.4.2　Theoretical Implications

CHAPTER X　Concluding Remarks
10.1　Analysis of Prepositions from the Perspective of Construction-Based Semantics
10.2　Future Issues

Bibliography
Index




　　　

【著者紹介】
堀内ふみ野（ほりうち　ふみの）
〈略歴〉
2009年京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科修士課程修了。2018年慶應義塾大学大学院博士後期課程修了。博士（文学）。現在、大東文化大学経済学部講師。英語の前置詞や日本語の助詞といった機能語の意味、相互行為上の機能、習得プロセスに関心を持ち、認知言語学や用法基盤言語学の立場から研究している。
主な論文
・“The Grammatical Function of Under as a Head of Protasis: From Spatial Senses to Grammatical Functions,” English Linguistics 30(1). 共著者：大谷直輝 （2013）
・「親子のやりとりにおける前置詞の使用—対話統語論のアプローチ—」『認知言語学論考 No.14』（2018）
・「親子会話で生起する前置詞句単独発話」『語用論研究』22 （2021）

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