A Grammar of Abkhaz 　柳沢民雄 著 ひつじ書房 A Grammar of Abkhaz 　柳沢民雄 著
2013年2月

A Grammar of Abkhaz

柳沢民雄 著　Tamio Yanagisawa

B5判上製　定価28,000円＋税

ISBN978-4-89476-635-8

ひつじ書房



本書はアブハジア人より収集した資料に基づいて、音韻論、形態論、統語論に亘って記述した北西コーカサス諸語に属するアブハズ語の記述文法である。アブハズ語は複統合語であるので、特に動詞の形態論についてはアクセントの移動を含め網羅的に記述することに努めた。さらに北部方言であるブジィプ方言の概略と民話テキストも本書に加えた。

This volume is based on data collected from Abkhazian informants, and is a descriptive grammar of the Abkhaz language, which belongs to the Northwest Caucasian languages, and covers phonology, morphology, and syntax. Since Abkhaz is a polysynthetic language, efforts were made to comprehensively describe verbal morphology in particular, including accent shifts. In addition, an outline from the Bzyp dialect (a dialect in the northern area) and folk texts have also been added to this volume.




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Contents

Preface

Abbreviations and Symbols


Part I: A Grammar of Abkhaz

0. Introduction

Abkhazians and the Abkhaz language .............................................. 2
The Changes in Abkhaz Characters and the Research History of
the Abkhaz Language ..................................................... 4
Abkhaz letters ................................................................................... 14

1. Phonology

Vowels .............................................................................................. 17
Consonants ....................................................................................... 22
Accent ............................................................................................... 29

2. Morphology:

Nouns................................................................................................ 37
Nominal Number ..................................................................... 37
Nominal Classes ...................................................................... 40
Article and Nominal Definite and Indefinite ........................... 41
Derivational Suffixes ............................................................... 42
Noun Word Formation ............................................................. 49
Compound Words from Nouns ................................................ 49
Noun Accents ........................................................................... 51
Pronouns .......................................................................................... 56
Personal Pronouns ................................................................... 56
Possessive Prefixes .................................................................. 57
Possessive Pronouns ................................................................ 59
Reflexive Pronouns .................................................................. 60
Interrogative Pronouns ............................................................. 60
Demonstrative Pronouns .......................................................... 61
Indefinite Pronouns .................................................................. 63
Pronominal Adjectives ............................................................. 65
Pronominal Adverbs ................................................................. 66
Demonstratives ................................................................................ 66
Demonstrative Adjectives ........................................................ 66
Demonstrative Adverbs ............................................................ 66
Adjectives ........................................................................................ 67
Non-Derived Adjectives .......................................................... 67
Relativized Adjectives ............................................................. 69
Adjectives Derived Using the Suffixes -t´ and -t´i ............... 71
Comparison in Adjectives ........................................................ 74
Adjective Accents ................................................................... 75
Adverbs ............................................................................................ 77
Simple Adverbs ....................................................................... 77
Interrogative Adverbs .............................................................. 78
Adverb Formation ................................................................... 79
Numerals .......................................................................................... 85
Cardinal Numbers ................................................................... 85
Ordinal Numbers ..................................................................... 90
Approximate Numbers ............................................................ 92
Multiplicative Numbers ........................................................... 92
Postpositions .................................................................................... 92

3. Morphology: Verbs

Introduction: Abkhaz as a Polysynthetic Language .................. 98
Preverb ...................................................................................... 101
Structure of Polysynthetic Verbs with Various Morphemes ..... 111
Finite Forms and Non-Finite Forms .......................................... 112
Stative and Dynamic Verbs ........................................................ 114
Pronominal Prefixes ................................................................... 117
Tense and Aspect ........................................................................ 119
Conjugation Types of the Abkhaz Verbs .................................... 126
Class A-1 ................................................................................ 127
Class A-2 ................................................................................ 131
Class B-1 ............................................................................... 143
Class B-2 ............................................................................... 154
Class C .................................................................................. 163
Class D .................................................................................. 205
Class E .................................................................................. 216
Class F .................................................................................. 222
Class G .................................................................................. 235
Class H .................................................................................. 245
Reduplicative Verbs .................................................................. 258

4. Morphosyntax

Causativity ..................................................................................... 261
Moods ............................................................................................ 270
Imperative ............................................................................. 270
Subjunctive ........................................................................... 278
Optative ................................................................................. 279
Potential ................................................................................. 279
Non-volitional Mood.............................................................. 288
Evidential Mood .................................................................... 291
Version ........................................................................................... 292
Objective Version .................................................................. 292
Subjective Version ................................................................. 297
Reflexive ........................................................................................ 301
Labile Verbs ................................................................................... 304
Incorporation ................................................................................. 308
Interrogatives ................................................................................. 310
‘Who?’ Questions .................................................................. 310
‘Whoes?’ Questions ............................................................... 315
‘What?’ Questions ................................................................. 315
‘Where?’, ‘When?’, ‘Why?’, ‘How?’, ‘Whence?’ Questions 320
‘Yes-No?’ Questions .............................................................. 325
Other Interrogative Sentences ................................................ 327
Indirect Interrogative Sentences ............................................ 328

5. Syntax

Noun Phrases ................................................................................. 333
Copula Construction and Nominal Sentence ................................. 335
Simple Sentences ........................................................................... 338
Complex Sentences: Clauses ......................................................... 343
Temporal Clauses .................................................................. 344
Conditional Clauses .............................................................. 349
Causal Clauses ...................................................................... 350
Concessive Clauses ............................................................... 351
Relative Clauses .................................................................... 352
Indirect Statements ................................................................ 355
Purposive Clauses .................................................................. 356
Speech Particle !´a......................................................................... 357
Verbal Prefixes Expressing the Location of an Action .................. 359
Reciprocal Construction ................................................................ 366
Absolutive Construction ................................................................ 371
Transitivity of Verbs ...................................................................... 378
Inversive Construction ................................................................... 382
Prefixal Particles ............................................................................ 386
Other Affixes in the Verbal Complex ............................................ 390
6. Features of the Bzyp Dialect .................................................................... 402
Phonological System ..................................................................... 402
Phonetic Process ............................................................................ 404
Sound Correspondences Between the Bzyp Dialect and Standard
Abkhaz ....................................................................................... 408
The Morphological Features of the Bzyp Dialect .......................... 411
Syntax ............................................................................................ 419


Part II: Abkhaz Texts

1. Ts’an ........................................................................................... 422

2. Lake Rits’a ................................................................................. 430

3. The Boy Brought up by a Bull ................................................... 442

4. How the King’s Daughter Turned into a Boy ............................ 484

References ....................................................................................................... 539

Index ................................................................................................................ 543


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